The Torah Atlas
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Moshe & Yehoshua משה ויהושע MOSHE & YEHOSHUA Moshe & Yehoshua · משה ויהושע Zekenim & Shoftim זקנים ושופטים ZEKENIM & SHOFTIM Zekenim & Shoftim · זקנים ושופטים Nevi'im נביאים NEVI'IM Nevi'im · נביאים Anshei Knesset HaGedolah אנשי כנסת הגדולה ANSHEI KNESSET HAGEDOLAH Anshei Knesset HaGedolah · אנשי כנסת הגדולה Zugot זוגות ZUGOT Zugot · זוגות Tannaim תנאים TANNAIM Tannaim · תנאים Amoraim אמוראים AMORAIM Amoraim · אמוראים Savoraim סבוראים SAVORAIM Savoraim · סבוראים Geonim גאונים GEONIM Geonim · גאונים Rishonim ראשונים RISHONIM Rishonim · ראשונים Acharonim אחרונים ACHARONIM Acharonim · אחרונים Conquest of the Land — 2488–2495 AM · 1273–1266 BCE (trad.) Conquest of the Land · כיבוש הארץ Galut Bavel — 3338–3408 AM · 423–353 BCE (trad.) Galut Bavel · גלות בבל Decrees of Antiochus and the Maccabean Revolt — 3593–3597 AM · 168–164 BCE Decrees of Antiochus and the Maccabean Revolt · גזרות אנטיוכוס ומרד החשמונאים Jerusalem · Yavneh Kairouan · Tveria The chain narrows Rabbi Yehudah HaNasi, the chain’s sole carrier The chain narrows Rav Yehudah, the chain’s sole carrier The chain narrows Rabbi Maimon (the Dayan), the chain’s sole carrier 2400 AM 1361 BCE (SO) ≈1524 BCE (adj.) 2500 AM 1261 BCE (SO) ≈1424 BCE (adj.) 2600 AM 1161 BCE (SO) ≈1324 BCE (adj.) 2700 AM 1061 BCE (SO) ≈1224 BCE (adj.) 2800 AM 961 BCE (SO) ≈1124 BCE (adj.) 2900 AM 861 BCE (SO) ≈1024 BCE (adj.) 3000 AM 761 BCE (SO) ≈924 BCE (adj.) 3100 AM 661 BCE (SO) ≈824 BCE (adj.) 3200 AM 561 BCE (SO) ≈724 BCE (adj.) 3300 AM 461 BCE (SO) ≈624 BCE (adj.) 3400 AM · 361 BCE (trad.) 3500 AM · 261 BCE 3600 AM · 161 BCE 3700 AM · 61 BCE 3800 AM · 40 CE 3900 AM · 140 CE 4000 AM · 240 CE 4100 AM · 340 CE 4200 AM · 440 CE 4300 AM · 540 CE 4400 AM · 640 CE 4500 AM · 740 CE 4600 AM · 840 CE 4700 AM · 940 CE 4800 AM · 1040 CE 4900 AM · 1140 CE 5000 AM · 1240 CE 5100 AM · 1340 CE 5200 AM · 1440 CE 5300 AM · 1540 CE 5400 AM · 1640 CE 5500 AM · 1740 CE 5600 AM · 1840 CE ⚠ Chronology seam traditional & academic dating diverge ~166 years — learn why → סוף הוראה — end of direct transmission the last documented person-to-person reception (Bava Metzia 86a); beyond this line the mesorah travels through academies and the written Talmud conjectural end of transmission probable chain continues to Rav Yosi, 4266 AM · 506 CE — resting on 25 inferences semicha · סמיכה — presumed chain of ordination, ends in the band below ביטול הסמיכה · classical ordination ends — c. 360–425 CE, range disputed The Tzfat semicha revival controversy — 5298 AM · 1538 CE ✦ Tzfat 5298 (1538 CE) — semicha revived, contested Sefarim ספרים Sefarim — the Oral Torah in writing ♛ Malchut Beit David מלכות בית דוד Malchut Beit David Shaul HaMelech — melech, 2882–2884 AM · 879–877 BCE (trad.) — First king of Israel, before the Davidic house itself; the traditional compressed reading of Shmuel I 13:1 gives his reign 2882–2884 AM, immediately preceding David. Shaul HaMelech David — melech, 2884–2924 AM · 877–837 BCE (trad.) — Founder of the dynasty: seven years and six months in Chevron, thirty-three years in Jerusalem (Shmuel II 5:4–5); reign 2884–2924 AM per Seder Olam reckoning. David 2884–2924 AM · 877–837 BCE (trad.) Shlomo — melech, 2924–2964 AM · 837–797 BCE (trad.) — Forty years over the united monarchy (Melachim I 11:42); the kingdom divided at his death, 2964 AM. Shlomo 2924–2964 AM · 837–797 BCE (trad.) Rechavam — melech, 2964–2981 AM · 797–780 BCE (trad.) Rechavam 2964–2981 AM · 797–780 BCE (trad.) Aviyah — melech, 2981–2984 AM · 780–777 BCE (trad.) Aviyah Asa — melech, 2984–3025 AM · 777–736 BCE (trad.) Asa 2984–3025 AM · 777–736 BCE (trad.) Yehoshafat — melech, 3025–3050 AM · 736–711 BCE (trad.) Yehoshafat 3025–3050 AM · 736–711 BCE (trad.) Yehoram of Yehudah — melech, 3050–3058 AM · 711–703 BCE (trad.) Yehoram of Yehudah 3050–3058 AM · 711–703 BCE (trad.) Achazyahu — melech, 3058–3059 AM · 703–702 BCE (trad.) Achazyahu Atalyah — malkah (usurper), 3059–3065 AM · 702–696 BCE (trad.) — Usurper: not of the Davidic line; seized the throne after Achazyahu's death by destroying the royal seed. Atalyah Yoash — melech, 3065–3105 AM · 696–656 BCE (trad.) Yoash 3065–3105 AM · 696–656 BCE (trad.) Amatzyah — melech, 3105–3134 AM · 656–627 BCE (trad.) Amatzyah 3105–3134 AM · 656–627 BCE (trad.) Uziyahu — melech, 3115–3167 AM · 646–594 BCE (trad.) — Fifty-two years counted from within Amatzyah's reign — the chain's co-regency seam; see the dating claim. Uziyahu 3115–3167 AM · 646–594 BCE (trad.) Yotam — melech, 3167–3183 AM · 594–578 BCE (trad.) Yotam 3167–3183 AM · 594–578 BCE (trad.) Achaz — melech, 3183–3199 AM · 578–562 BCE (trad.) Achaz 3183–3199 AM · 578–562 BCE (trad.) Chizkiyahu — melech, 3199–3228 AM · 562–533 BCE (trad.) — Twenty-nine years (Melachim II 18:1–2); 3199–3228 AM per the atlas's backward chain from the destruction anchor 3338. Chizkiyahu 3199–3228 AM · 562–533 BCE (trad.) Menashe — melech, 3228–3283 AM · 533–478 BCE (trad.) Menashe 3228–3283 AM · 533–478 BCE (trad.) Amon — melech, 3283–3285 AM · 478–476 BCE (trad.) Amon Yoshiyahu — melech, 3285–3316 AM · 476–445 BCE (trad.) — Thirty-one years (Melachim II 22:1–2); 3285–3316 AM per the atlas's backward chain from the destruction anchor 3338. Yoshiyahu 3285–3316 AM · 476–445 BCE (trad.) Yehoachaz of Yehudah — melech, 3316–3316 AM · 445 BCE (trad.) — Three months; a zero-width tenure in the schematic chain. Yehoachaz of Yehudah Yehoyakim — melech, 3316–3327 AM · 445–434 BCE (trad.) Yehoyakim 3316–3327 AM · 445–434 BCE (trad.) Yehoyachin — melech, 3327–3327 AM · 434 BCE (trad.) — Three months; a zero-width tenure in the schematic chain. His royal standing continued in exile (Melachim II 25:27–30). Yehoyachin Tzidkiyahu — melech, 3327–3338 AM · 434–423 BCE (trad.) Tzidkiyahu 3327–3338 AM · 434–423 BCE (trad.) Mar Ukva — resh galuta (per geonic tradition), 3985–4015 AM · 225–255 CE — Tenure schematic; the title rests on geonic-era rosters, not the Bavli itself. ריש גלותא Reish Galuta Mar Ukva 3985–4015 AM · 225–255 CE Bustanai — resh galuta, 4400–4430 AM · 640–670 CE — First exilarch under Arab rule; tenure band schematic. ריש גלותא Reish Galuta Bustanai 4400–4430 AM · 640–670 CE David ben Zakkai — resh galuta, 4681–4700 AM · 921–940 CE — c. 921–940 CE; the Saadia controversy fell in 4691–4697. ריש גלותא Reish Galuta David ben Zakkai 4681–4700 AM · 921–940 CE Reshut HaGolah — the exilarchate, claiming Davidic descent ריש גלותא — the exilarchate claiming Davidic descent Academy of Nehardea מתיבתא דנהרדעא Academy of Nehardea Rabbi Shila — resh sidra, tenure dates unknown — placed by source order within the gap — Head of Bavel's established order before Rav and Shmuel; seated at Nehardea by tradition, as this atlas models it. Rabbi Shila dates unknown Shmuel — head, 3979–4014 AM · 219–254 CE — Nehardea was "his place and the place of Torah" from Rav's withdrawal to Sura (c. 3979 AM); after Rav's death he led Bavel's single metivta alone for seven years, to his death in Sel. 564. Shmuel 3979–4014 AM · 219–254 CE Rav Nachman — head of the court, 4014–4019 AM · 254–259 CE — "Rav Nachman at Nehardea" among Shmuel's students (1:94), from Shmuel's death to the city's destruction (Sel. 570 = 4019 AM); afterward he carried Nehardea's scholarship at Shilhi and Machoza. Rav Nachman Academy of Sura מתיבתא דסורא Academy of Sura Rav Eina — head, tenure dates unknown — placed by the person's traditional dating — Savoraic period; the Iggeret gives no years. Rav Eina dates unknown Mar bar Rav Huna (of Sura) — gaon, tenure dates unknown — placed by the person's traditional dating — Attested in office in 4369 AM; no tenure bounds are given. Mar bar Rav Huna (of Sura) dates unknown Rav Chanina (of Sura) — gaon, tenure dates unknown — placed by the person's traditional dating — Chronicle-grade placement c. 610 CE; no tenure years are given consistently in any source, so the role carries none. No reception edge is drawn, and the entry has no computable formative window for the inference rule. Rav Chanina (of Sura) dates unknown Rav Huna of Mata Mechasya — gaon, tenure dates unknown — placed by source order within the gap Rav Huna of Mata Mechasya dates unknown Rav Sheshna — gaon, tenure dates unknown — placed by source order within the gap Rav Sheshna dates unknown Rav Yaakov HaKohen bar Mordechai — gaon, tenure dates unknown — placed by source order within the gap Rav Yaakov HaKohen bar Mordechai Rav Avimi (of Sura) — gaon, tenure dates unknown — placed by source order within the gap Rav Avimi (of Sura) Rav Tzadok bar Ashi — gaon, tenure dates unknown — placed by source order within the gap Rav Tzadok bar Ashi Rav Hilai bar Chananya — gaon, tenure dates unknown — placed by source order within the gap Rav Hilai bar Chananya Rav Kimoi bar Ashi — gaon, tenure dates unknown — placed by source order within the gap Rav Kimoi bar Ashi Rav Moshe Kahana bar Yaakov — gaon, tenure dates unknown — placed by source order within the gap Rav Moshe Kahana bar Yaakov Rav — founder and head, 3985–4007 AM · 225–247 CE — Arrived in Bavel 3979 AM (Sel. 530); the founding at Sura is dated c. 3985 AM (225 CE); he headed the academy until his death (Sel. 558 = 4007 AM). Rav 3985–4007 AM · 225–247 CE Rav Huna — head, 4017–4057 AM · 257–297 CE — Forty years (1:95), counted back from his death in Sel. 608 (1:97); the Iggeret has him succeed Shmuel (d. Sel. 564), and the four-year discrepancy is the source's own. Rav Huna 4017–4057 AM · 257–297 CE Rav Chisda — head, 4059–4069 AM · 299–309 CE — Ten years, from Rav Yehudah's death (Sel. 610) to his own (Sel. 620); he had rebuilt the academy's house in Sel. 604, in Rav Huna's lifetime (1:97–98). Rav Chisda 4059–4069 AM · 299–309 CE Rav Papa — head (at Naresh), 4112–4136 AM · 352–376 CE — When the metivtas divided after Rava's death, Rav Papa's academy at Naresh "near Sura" was the Sura-side seat (1:101), the bridge to Rav Ashi's restoration at Mata Mechasya; nineteen years' reign, shown here from Rava's death (Sel. 663) to his own (Sel. 687). Rav Papa 4112–4136 AM · 352–376 CE Rav Ashi — head (at Mata Mechasya), 4127–4187 AM · 367–427 CE — "Close to sixty years" (1:108), counted back from his death (Sel. 738 = 4187 AM); the count overlaps Rav Papa's last years at Naresh, as the Iggeret's phrase "in all these years after Rav Papa" (1:103) itself smooths over. Rav Ashi 4127–4187 AM · 367–427 CE Rav Yeimar — head, 4187–4192 AM · 427–432 CE — At Mata Mechasya, Sura's twin town, like all heads of this line after Rav Ashi. Rav Yeimar Rav Idi bar Avin — head, 4192–4212 AM · 432–452 CE Rav Idi bar Avin 4192–4212 AM · 432–452 CE Rav Nachman bar Rav Huna — head, 4212–4215 AM · 452–455 CE Rav Nachman bar Rav Huna Mar bar Rav Ashi — head, 4215–4228 AM · 455–468 CE Mar bar Rav Ashi 4215–4228 AM · 455–468 CE Rabbah Tosfa'ah — head, 4228–4230 AM · 468–470 CE Rabbah Tosfa'ah Ravina II — head (at Mata Mechasya), 4230–4260 AM · 470–500 CE — The Iggeret's Mata Mechasya sequence places him after Rabbah Tosfa'ah (d. Sel. 781 = 4230 AM), closing with his own death on 13 Kislev, Sel. 811 (4260 AM) — "and he is the end of hora'ah"; on the 475/500 CE dispute see the first claim's note. Ravina II 4230–4260 AM · 470–500 CE Rav Hanina of Nehar Pakod — gaon, 4449–4454 AM · 689–694 CE Rav Hanina of Nehar Pakod Rav Nehilai HaLevi of Naresh — gaon, 4454–4472 AM · 694–712 CE Rav Nehilai HaLevi of Naresh 4454–4472 AM · 694–712 CE Rav Yaakov HaKohen of Nehar Pakod — gaon, 4472–4490 AM · 712–730 CE Rav Yaakov HaKohen of Nehar Pakod 4472–4490 AM · 712–730 CE Rav Shmuel (of Sura) — gaon, 4490–4508 AM · 730–748 CE Rav Shmuel (of Sura) 4490–4508 AM · 730–748 CE Rav Mari HaKohen of Nehar Pakod — gaon, 4508–4516 AM · 748–756 CE Rav Mari HaKohen of Nehar Pakod 4508–4516 AM · 748–756 CE Rav Acha (of Sura) — gaon, 4516–4517 AM · 756–757 CE Rav Acha (of Sura) Yehudai Gaon — gaon, 4517–4521 AM · 757–761 CE — Three and a half years (Iggeret 1:119); the absolute years (c. 757–761 CE) follow the standard rosters, as this entry's dates already record. Yehudai Gaon Rav Ahunai Kahana bar Papa — gaon, 4521–4526 AM · 761–766 CE Rav Ahunai Kahana bar Papa Rav Chanina Kahana bar Huna — gaon, 4526–4534 AM · 766–774 CE Rav Chanina Kahana bar Huna 4526–4534 AM · 766–774 CE Rav Mari HaLevi bar Mesharshiya — gaon, 4534–4538 AM · 774–778 CE Rav Mari HaLevi bar Mesharshiya Rav Bivai HaLevi bar Abba — gaon, 4538–4548 AM · 778–788 CE Rav Bivai HaLevi bar Abba 4538–4548 AM · 778–788 CE Rav Hilai bar Mari — gaon, 4549–4558 AM · 789–798 CE Rav Hilai bar Mari 4549–4558 AM · 789–798 CE Rav Kohen Tzedek bar Ivumi — gaon, 4592–4603 AM · 832–843 CE Rav Kohen Tzedek bar Ivumi 4592–4603 AM · 832–843 CE Rav Sar Shalom bar Boaz — gaon, 4603–4613 AM · 843–853 CE Rav Sar Shalom bar Boaz 4603–4613 AM · 843–853 CE Rav Natronai bar Hilai — gaon, 4613–4621 AM · 853–861 CE Rav Natronai bar Hilai 4613–4621 AM · 853–861 CE Amram Gaon — gaon, 4621–4635 AM · 861–875 CE — Eighteen years per the Iggeret; the rosters' figures for these decades disagree by a few years, and his final years overlap Nachshon Gaon's accession (P0284) in the standard lists. Amram Gaon 4621–4635 AM · 861–875 CE Rav Nachshon bar Tzadok — gaon, 4632–4639 AM · 872–879 CE Rav Nachshon bar Tzadok Rav Tzemach bar Chaim — gaon, 4639–4646 AM · 879–886 CE Rav Tzemach bar Chaim Rav Hai bar Nachshon — gaon, 4646–4656 AM · 886–896 CE Rav Hai bar Nachshon 4646–4656 AM · 886–896 CE Rav Malka (of Sura) — gaon, 4646–4646 AM · 886 CE — One month in office. Rav Malka (of Sura) Rav Hilai bar Natronai — gaon, 4656–4664 AM · 896–904 CE Rav Hilai bar Natronai Rav Shalom bar Mishael — gaon, 4664–4671 AM · 904–911 CE Rav Shalom bar Mishael Rav Yaakov bar Natronai — gaon, 4671–4684 AM · 911–924 CE Rav Yaakov bar Natronai 4671–4684 AM · 911–924 CE Rav Yom Tov Kahana bar Yaakov — gaon, 4684–4688 AM · 924–928 CE Rav Yom Tov Kahana bar Yaakov Saadia Gaon — gaon, 4688–4702 AM · 928–942 CE — Iyar 4688 (Sel. 1239 = 928 CE) to his death in 4702 (942 CE); for several of those years he was in eclipse while bar Satya (P0289) held the office at David ben Zakkai's behest. Saadia Gaon 4688–4702 AM · 928–942 CE Rav Yosef bar Yaakov — gaon, 4690–? AM — Counter-gaon during Saadia's eclipse, later sole head; the Iggeret gives no end year, and with his departure the metivta at Mata Mechasya ceased. Rav Yosef bar Yaakov Academy of Pumbedita מתיבתא דפומבדיתא Academy of Pumbedita Rav Simona — head, tenure dates unknown — placed by the person's traditional dating — Savoraic period; the Iggeret gives no years. Rav Simona dates unknown Rabbah Yosef — gaon, tenure dates unknown — placed by the person's traditional dating — Placement at Pumbedita per the standard reading of Iggeret 1:111; no years are given. Rabbah Yosef dates unknown Ravai of Rov — gaon (so reported), tenure dates unknown — placed by source order within the gap — "They say he was gaon" — reported speech in the Iggeret; no years. Ravai of Rov dates unknown Mar Rav Mari bar Dimi — gaon, tenure dates unknown — placed by source order within the gap — At Peroz-Shapur, the academy's seat near Nehardea in these decades; no years are given. Mar Rav Mari bar Dimi dates unknown Mar Rav Chanina (of the Bnei Gahara) — gaon, tenure dates unknown — placed by source order within the gap Mar Rav Chanina (of the Bnei Gahara) dates unknown Mar Rav Chana — gaon, tenure dates unknown — placed by source order within the gap Mar Rav Chana dates unknown Mar Rav Yitzchak (of Peroz-Shapur) — gaon, tenure dates unknown — placed by source order within the gap — At Peroz-Shapur; no years are given. Mar Rav Yitzchak (of Peroz-Shapur) dates unknown Mar Rav Rabbah (of Pumbedita) — gaon, tenure dates unknown — placed by source order within the gap Mar Rav Rabbah (of Pumbedita) dates unknown Rav Bosai — gaon, tenure dates unknown — placed by source order within the gap Rav Bosai dates unknown Rav Chiya of Meshan — gaon, tenure dates unknown — placed by source order within the gap Rav Chiya of Meshan dates unknown Mar Rav Ravya — gaon, tenure dates unknown — placed by source order within the gap Mar Rav Ravya dates unknown Mar Rav Yehudah (I of Pumbedita) — gaon, tenure dates unknown — placed by source order within the gap Mar Rav Yehudah (I of Pumbedita) dates unknown Rav Natroi Kahana bar Ahnai — gaon, tenure dates unknown — placed by source order within the gap Rav Natroi Kahana bar Ahnai Rav Avraham Kahana — gaon, tenure dates unknown — placed by source order within the gap Rav Avraham Kahana Rav Shinoi — gaon, tenure dates unknown — placed by source order within the gap Rav Shinoi Rav Yehudah — founder and head, 4019–4059 AM · 259–299 CE — From Nehardea's destruction (Sel. 570 = 4019 AM) to his death (Sel. 610 = 4059 AM); in Rav Huna's last years "all the scholars came before him to Pumbedita" (1:97). Rav Yehudah 4019–4059 AM · 259–299 CE Rabbah — head, 4059–4080 AM · 299–320 CE — Tenure shown from Rav Yehudah's death (Sel. 610), per the Iggeret's twenty-two-year figure, to his death (Sel. 631); the first decade overlapped Rav Huna bar Chiya's interim headship — see the claim's note. Rabbah 4059–4080 AM · 299–320 CE Rav Huna bar Chiya — head, 4059–4069 AM · 299–309 CE — Between Rav Yehudah and Rabbah, per the academy's own tradition (Iggeret 1:98). Rav Huna bar Chiya Rav Yosef — head, 4080–4083 AM · 320–323 CE — Two and a half years, from Rabbah's death (Sel. 631) to his own (Sel. 634) — the tenure the Chaldeans had foretold to his mother, for which he had once declined the office (1:98). Rav Yosef Abaye — head, 4083–4098 AM · 323–338 CE — Thirteen years, from Rav Yosef's death (Sel. 634) to his own (Sel. 649); the Gittin passage on the academy's shofar-chest — "at Rav Yehudah's, then Rabbah's, then Rav Yosef's, then Abaye's" — is the Iggeret's own proof-text for this succession (1:100). Abaye 4083–4098 AM · 323–338 CE Rav Nachman bar Yitzchak — head, 4112–4116 AM · 352–356 CE Rav Nachman bar Yitzchak Rav Chama — head, 4116–4137 AM · 356–377 CE Rav Chama 4116–4137 AM · 356–377 CE Rav Zevid — head, 4137–4145 AM · 377–385 CE Rav Zevid 4137–4145 AM · 377–385 CE Rav Dimi of Nehardea — head, 4145–4148 AM · 385–388 CE Rav Dimi of Nehardea Rafram — head, 4148–4155 AM · 388–395 CE Rafram Rav Kahana (of Pum Nahara) — head, 4155–4174 AM · 395–414 CE — In the Iggeret's Pumbedita roster he follows Rafram (d. Sel. 706) and died Sel. 725 (1:103); his earlier school at Pum Nahara has no institution entry of its own. Rav Kahana (of Pum Nahara) 4155–4174 AM · 395–414 CE Rav Acha bar Rava — head, 4174–4179 AM · 414–419 CE — Succeeded Rav Kahana (P0214), whose own headship the atlas already records. Rav Acha bar Rava Rav Gevihah of Bei Katil — head, 4179–4193 AM · 419–433 CE Rav Gevihah of Bei Katil 4179–4193 AM · 419–433 CE Rafram II (of Pumbedita) — head, 4193–4203 AM · 433–443 CE Rafram II (of Pumbedita) 4193–4203 AM · 433–443 CE Rav Richumai — head, 4203–4209 AM · 443–449 CE Rav Richumai Rav Sama bar Rava — head, 4209–4236 AM · 449–476 CE Rav Sama bar Rava 4209–4236 AM · 449–476 CE Rav Yosi — head, 4236–? AM — The Iggeret gives no end year for his tenure. Rav Yosi Mar bar Rav Chanan of Ashkaya — gaon, 4349–? AM — The Iggeret gives no end year for his tenure. Mar bar Rav Chanan of Ashkaya Rav Huna Mari bar Yosef — gaon, 4449–? AM — Attested from 4449 AM; no end year is given. Rav Huna Mari bar Yosef Rav Natronai bar Nehemiah — gaon, 4479–? AM — From 4479 AM; no end year is given. Rav Natronai bar Nehemiah Rav Yosef bar Kitnai — gaon, 4499–4508 AM · 739–748 CE Rav Yosef bar Kitnai 4499–4508 AM · 739–748 CE Rav Shmuel bar Mar — gaon, 4508–? AM — From 4508 AM; no end year is given. Rav Shmuel bar Mar Rav Dodai bar Nachman — gaon, 4521–4524 AM · 761–764 CE Rav Dodai bar Nachman Rav Chananya bar Mesharshiya — gaon, 4524–4531 AM · 764–771 CE Rav Chananya bar Mesharshiya Rav Malka bar Acha — gaon, 4531–4533 AM · 771–773 CE Rav Malka bar Acha Rav Abba bar Dodai — gaon, 4533–? AM — From 4533 AM; no end year is given. Rav Abba bar Dodai Rav Chaninai Kahana bar Avraham — gaon, 4542–4545 AM · 782–785 CE Rav Chaninai Kahana bar Avraham Rav Huna bar HaLevi — gaon, 4545–4548 AM · 785–788 CE Rav Huna bar HaLevi Rav Menashe bar Yosef — gaon, 4548–4556 AM · 788–796 CE Rav Menashe bar Yosef 4548–4556 AM · 788–796 CE Rav Yeshaya HaLevi bar Abba — gaon, 4556–4558 AM · 796–798 CE Rav Yeshaya HaLevi bar Abba Rav Yosef bar Shila — gaon, 4558–4564 AM · 798–804 CE Rav Yosef bar Shila Rav Kahana bar Chaninai — gaon, 4564–4570 AM · 804–810 CE Rav Kahana bar Chaninai Rav Avumai — gaon, 4570–4574 AM · 810–814 CE Rav Avumai Rav Yosef bar Abba — gaon, 4574–4576 AM · 814–816 CE Rav Yosef bar Abba Rav Avraham bar Sherira — gaon, 4576–4588 AM · 816–828 CE Rav Avraham bar Sherira 4576–4588 AM · 816–828 CE Rav Yosef bar Chiya — gaon, 4588–4593 AM · 828–833 CE Rav Yosef bar Chiya Rav Yitzchak bar Chananya — gaon, 4593–4599 AM · 833–839 CE Rav Yitzchak bar Chananya Rav Yosef bar Ravrevai — gaon, 4599–4601 AM · 839–841 CE Rav Yosef bar Ravrevai Rav Paltoi bar Abaye — gaon, 4602–4618 AM · 842–858 CE Rav Paltoi bar Abaye 4602–4618 AM · 842–858 CE Rav Achai Kahana bar Mar — gaon, 4618–4619 AM · 858–859 CE Rav Achai Kahana bar Mar Rav Menachem bar Yosef — gaon, 4619–4620 AM · 859–860 CE Rav Menachem bar Yosef Rav Matityahu bar Rabbi — gaon, 4620–4630 AM · 860–870 CE Rav Matityahu bar Rabbi Rav Abba bar Ammi — gaon, 4629–4632 AM · 869–872 CE Rav Abba bar Ammi Rav Tzemach bar Paltoi — gaon, 4632–4650 AM · 872–890 CE Rav Tzemach bar Paltoi 4632–4650 AM · 872–890 CE Rav Hai bar David — gaon, 4650–4657 AM · 890–897 CE Rav Hai bar David Rav Kimoi bar Achai — gaon, 4657–4666 AM · 897–906 CE Rav Kimoi bar Achai 4657–4666 AM · 897–906 CE Yehudah Gaon (of Pumbedita) — gaon, 4666–4677 AM · 906–917 CE Yehudah Gaon (of Pumbedita) 4666–4677 AM · 906–917 CE Rav Kohen Tzedek Kahana bar Yosef — gaon, 4677–4696 AM · 917–936 CE — In schism with Mevasser Kahana until 4686 (926 CE). Rav Kohen Tzedek Kahana bar Yosef 4677–4696 AM · 917–936 CE Rav Mevasser Kahana bar Kimoi — gaon, 4677–4686 AM · 917–926 CE Rav Mevasser Kahana bar Kimoi Rav Tzemach bar Kafnai — gaon, 4696–4698 AM · 936–938 CE Rav Tzemach bar Kafnai Chananya Gaon — gaon, 4698–4703 AM · 938–943 CE Chananya Gaon Aharon ibn Sarjado — gaon, 4703–4720 AM · 943–960 CE Aharon ibn Sarjado 4703–4720 AM · 943–960 CE Rav Nehemiah bar Kohen Tzedek — gaon, 4720–4728 AM · 960–968 CE Rav Nehemiah bar Kohen Tzedek 4720–4728 AM · 960–968 CE Sherira Gaon — gaon, 4728–4764 AM · 968–1004 CE — From his installation (Sel. 1279 = 4728 AM = 968 CE) until he ceded the gaonate to Hai c. 4764 (1004 CE); the end year follows the standard references, since the Iggeret (987) predates it. Sherira Gaon 4728–4764 AM · 968–1004 CE Hai Gaon — av beit din, 4730–4764 AM · 970–1004 CE — Appointed by Sherira two years after his own installation (Iggeret 1:134); the office he held beside his father for over three decades. Hai Gaon Hai Gaon — gaon, 4764–4798 AM · 1004–1038 CE — Succeeded his father c. 1004 CE and led until his death in 1038 (4798 AM), the conventional close of the geonic era; years per the standard references, since the Iggeret predates them. Hai Gaon 4764–4798 AM · 1004–1038 CE Academy of Machoza מתיבתא דמחוזא Academy of Machoza Rava — head, 4098–4112 AM · 338–352 CE — Fourteen years, from Abaye's death (Sel. 649) to his own (Sel. 663); "in all these years of Rava there was only one metivta" — the united academy sat at Machoza (1:101). Rava Savoraim רבנן סבוראי Savoraim Rav Eina — savora, tenure dates unknown — placed by the person's traditional dating — Membership in the savoraic body alongside his headship at Sura; no years are given anywhere in the source. Rav Eina dates unknown Rav Simona — savora, tenure dates unknown — placed by the person's traditional dating — Membership in the savoraic body alongside his headship at Pumbedita; no years are given anywhere in the source. Rav Simona dates unknown Rabbah Yosef — savora, tenure dates unknown — placed by the person's traditional dating — Membership in the savoraic body alongside his gaonate; no years are given. Rabbah Yosef dates unknown Ravai of Rov — savora, tenure dates unknown — placed by source order within the gap — Membership in the savoraic body ("he was of our metivta") is the Iggeret's direct statement, firmer than the reported gaonate; no years are given. Ravai of Rov dates unknown Rav Yosi — savora, 4236–? AM — Tradition counts him first of the rabbanan savorai; membership shown from the end of hora'ah in his days (1:110), no end year. Rav Yosi undated heads Rabana Sama bar Yehudah — savora, undatedRabana Sama bar Yehudah Rav Achai bar Huna — savora, undatedRav Achai bar Huna Rav Richumai II — savora, undatedRav Richumai II Rav Shmuel bar Yehudah of Pumbedita — savora, undatedRav Shmuel bar Yehudah of Pumbedita Ravina of Amutzia — savora, undatedRavina of Amutzia Rav Acha bar Rabbah bar Avuha — savora, undatedRav Acha bar Rabbah bar Avuha Rav Tachna — savora, undatedRav Tachna Mar Zutra bar Chinena — savora, undatedMar Zutra bar Chinena ♛ Kingdom of Israel ממלכת ישראל Kingdom of Israel Yeravam I — melech, 2964–2986 AM · 797–775 BCE (trad.) Yeravam I 2964–2986 AM · 797–775 BCE (trad.) Nadav — melech, 2986–2988 AM · 775–773 BCE (trad.) Nadav Baasha — melech, 2988–3012 AM · 773–749 BCE (trad.) — Usurper: took the throne by killing Nadav; founder of Israel's second house. Baasha 2988–3012 AM · 773–749 BCE (trad.) Elah — melech, 3012–3014 AM · 749–747 BCE (trad.) Elah Zimri — melech, 3014–3014 AM · 747 BCE (trad.) — Seven days; usurper — killed Elah; a zero-width tenure in the schematic chain. Zimri Omri — melech, 3014–3026 AM · 747–735 BCE (trad.) — Acclaimed by the army against Zimri; founder of Israel's third house after prevailing over Tivni. Omri Achav — melech, 3026–3048 AM · 735–713 BCE (trad.) Achav 3026–3048 AM · 735–713 BCE (trad.) Achazyah of Israel — melech, 3048–3050 AM · 713–711 BCE (trad.) Achazyah of Israel Yehoram of Israel — melech, 3050–3062 AM · 711–699 BCE (trad.) Yehoram of Israel 3050–3062 AM · 711–699 BCE (trad.) Yehu — melech, 3062–3090 AM · 699–671 BCE (trad.) — Usurper: anointed at prophetic instigation, took the throne by killing Yehoram; founder of Israel's longest house. Yehu 3062–3090 AM · 699–671 BCE (trad.) Yehoachaz of Israel — melech, 3090–3107 AM · 671–654 BCE (trad.) Yehoachaz of Israel 3090–3107 AM · 671–654 BCE (trad.) Yehoash of Israel — melech, 3107–3123 AM · 654–638 BCE (trad.) Yehoash of Israel 3107–3123 AM · 654–638 BCE (trad.) Yeravam II — melech, 3123–3164 AM · 638–597 BCE (trad.) Yeravam II 3123–3164 AM · 638–597 BCE (trad.) Zechariah ben Yeravam — melech, 3164–3164 AM · 597 BCE (trad.) — Six months; a zero-width tenure in the schematic chain. Zechariah ben Yeravam Shallum — melech, 3164–3164 AM · 597 BCE (trad.) — One month; usurper — killed Zechariah; a zero-width tenure in the schematic chain. Shallum Menachem — melech, 3164–3174 AM · 597–587 BCE (trad.) — Usurper: killed Shallum after his month-long reign. Menachem Pekachyah — melech, 3174–3176 AM · 587–585 BCE (trad.) Pekachyah Pekach — melech, 3176–3196 AM · 585–565 BCE (trad.) — Usurper: killed Pekachyah in the citadel of Shomron. Pekach 3176–3196 AM · 585–565 BCE (trad.) Hoshea ben Elah — melech, 3196–3205 AM · 565–556 BCE (trad.) — Usurper: killed Pekach; installed with Assyrian approval per Tiglath-Pileser's annals. Last king of the northern kingdom. Hoshea ben Elah 3196–3205 AM · 565–556 BCE (trad.) ♛ Beit Chashmonai בית חשמונאי Beit Chashmonai Shimon HaMakabi — nasi and kohen gadol, 3618–3625 AM · 143–136 BCE — Leader and high priest by decree of the great assembly (140 BCE); the dynasty's independent rule is conventionally counted from 142 BCE. Shimon HaMakabi Yochanan Hyrcanus — kohen gadol and ethnarch, 3625–3656 AM · 136–105 BCE Yochanan Hyrcanus 3625–3656 AM · 136–105 BCE Aristobulus I — melech and kohen gadol, 3656–3657 AM · 105–104 BCE — First Hasmonean to take the royal title, per Josephus. Aristobulus I Alexander Yannai — melech and kohen gadol, 3657–3684 AM · 104–77 BCE Alexander Yannai 3657–3684 AM · 104–77 BCE Shlomtzion — malkah, 3684–3693 AM · 77–68 BCE Shlomtzion 3684–3693 AM · 77–68 BCE Hyrcanus II — kohen gadol, 3684–3693 AM · 77–68 BCE — High priest during his mother Shlomtzion's reign; king for about three months after her death. Hyrcanus II Aristobulus II — melech and kohen gadol, 3693–3697 AM · 68–64 BCE — Took the throne from his brother Hyrcanus II; deposed by Pompey. Aristobulus II Hyrcanus II — ethnarch and kohen gadol, 3697–3720 AM · 64–41 BCE — Restored by Pompey (63 BCE) under Roman supremacy; ethnarch title from Caesar, 47 BCE. Hyrcanus II 3697–3720 AM · 64–41 BCE Antigonus II Mattityahu — melech and kohen gadol, 3720–3724 AM · 41–37 BCE — Installed by the Parthians; last Hasmonean king. Antigonus II Mattityahu ♛ Beit Hordos בית הורדוס Beit Hordos Herod — melech (Roman client king), 3724–3757 AM · 37–4 BCE — Appointed by the Roman senate 40 BCE; reigned in Jerusalem from its capture in 37 BCE. Herod 3724–3757 AM · 37–4 BCE Archelaus — ethnarch of Yehudah, 3757–3766 AM · 4 BCE – 6 CE — Confirmed by Augustus with the lesser title; deposed and banished 6 CE. Archelaus 3757–3766 AM · 4 BCE – 6 CE Antipas — tetrarch of the Galil and Perea, 3757–3799 AM · 4 BCE – 39 CE Antipas 3757–3799 AM · 4 BCE – 39 CE Agrippa I — melech, 3797–3804 AM · 37–44 CE — King from 37 CE over the northern tetrarchies; over Yehudah and the whole realm from 41 CE (3801). Agrippa I Agrippa II — melech (northern territories; custody of the Temple), 3810–3853 AM · 50–93 CE — Tenure band approximate; king from c. 50 CE until his death in the 90s CE. Agrippa II 3810–3853 AM · 50–93 CE The Ground ארכיאולוגיה The Ground — what the earth preserved Berlin Pedestal Relief — 2361–2511 AM · 1400–1250 BCE (trad.) — Berlin Statue Pedestal ÄM 21687 Berlin Pedestal Relief 2361–2511 AM · 1400–1250 BCE (trad.) Berlin Statue Pedestal ÄM 21687 Amarna Letters — 2401–2426 AM · 1360–1335 BCE (trad.) — El-Amarna Tablets Amarna Letters 2401–2426 AM · 1360–1335 BCE (trad.) Megiddo Ivories — 2411–2611 AM · 1350–1150 BCE (trad.) — OIP 52 ivories Megiddo Ivories 2411–2611 AM · 1350–1150 BCE (trad.) OIP 52 ivories Ivory Pomegranate — 2461–2661 AM · 1300–1100 BCE (trad.) — Ivory pomegranate of the Israel Museum Ivory Pomegranate 2461–2661 AM · 1300–1100 BCE (trad.) Ivory pomegranate of the Israel Museum Mount Ebal Altar — 2488–2489 AM · 1273–1272 BCE (trad.) — el-Burnat Mount Ebal Altar 2488–2489 AM · 1273–1272 BCE (trad.) Merneptah Stele — 2553 AM · 1208 BCE (trad.) — Israel Stele Merneptah Stele 2553 AM · 1208 BCE (trad.) Stepped Stone Structure — 2892–2964 AM · 869–797 BCE (trad.) — "David's palace" candidate Stepped Stone Structure 2892–2964 AM · 869–797 BCE (trad.) "David's palace" candidate Gezer Calendar — 2945 AM · 816 BCE (trad.) — Gezer Tablet Gezer Calendar 2945 AM · 816 BCE (trad.) Kurkh Monolith — 3049 AM · 712 BCE (trad.) — Battle of Qarqar Stele Kurkh Monolith 3049 AM · 712 BCE (trad.) Mesha Stele — 3055 AM · 706 BCE (trad.) — Moabite Stone Mesha Stele 3055 AM · 706 BCE (trad.) Tel Dan Stele — 3062 AM · 699 BCE (trad.) — House of David Inscription Tel Dan Stele 3062 AM · 699 BCE (trad.) Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III — 3062 AM · 699 BCE (trad.) — Black Obelisk Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III 3062 AM · 699 BCE (trad.) Beersheba Horned Altar — 3110–3199 AM · 651–562 BCE (trad.) — Tel Be'er Sheva altar Beersheba Horned Altar 3110–3199 AM · 651–562 BCE (trad.) Tel Be'er Sheva altar Arad Sanctuary Holy of Holies — 3110–3199 AM · 651–562 BCE (trad.) — Arad shrine Arad Sanctuary Holy of Holies 3110–3199 AM · 651–562 BCE (trad.) Samaria Ostraca — 3131–3140 AM · 630–621 BCE (trad.) — Samaria Ostraka Samaria Ostraca 3131–3140 AM · 630–621 BCE (trad.) Annals of Tiglath-Pileser III — 3174–3187 AM · 587–574 BCE (trad.) — Pul Inscriptions Annals of Tiglath-Pileser III 3174–3187 AM · 587–574 BCE (trad.) Isaiah Bulla — 3184–3234 AM · 577–527 BCE (trad.) — Yesha'yahu Nvy bulla Isaiah Bulla 3184–3234 AM · 577–527 BCE (trad.) Hezekiah Bulla — 3199–3228 AM · 562–533 BCE (trad.) — Ophel bulla of Chizkiyahu Hezekiah Bulla 3199–3228 AM · 562–533 BCE (trad.) LMLK Jar Handles — 3199–3212 AM · 562–549 BCE (trad.) — lamelech seal impressions LMLK Jar Handles 3199–3212 AM · 562–549 BCE (trad.) Sargon II Khorsabad Inscriptions — 3210–3221 AM · 551–540 BCE (trad.) — RINAP 2 Khorsabad corpus Sargon II Khorsabad Inscriptions 3210–3221 AM · 551–540 BCE (trad.) Siloam Inscription — 3211 AM · 550 BCE (trad.) — Shiloach inscription Siloam Inscription 3211 AM · 550 BCE (trad.) Royal Steward Inscription — 3213 AM · 548 BCE (trad.) — Shebna Lintel Royal Steward Inscription 3213 AM · 548 BCE (trad.) Lachish Reliefs — 3214–3222 AM · 547–539 BCE (trad.) — Siege of Lachish Room Lachish Reliefs 3214–3222 AM · 547–539 BCE (trad.) Ekron Royal Dedicatory Inscription — 3220–3245 AM · 541–516 BCE (trad.) — Achish inscription Ekron Royal Dedicatory Inscription 3220–3245 AM · 541–516 BCE (trad.) Taylor Prism — 3223 AM · 538 BCE (trad.) — Sennacherib's Annals Taylor Prism 3223 AM · 538 BCE (trad.) Chicago Prism — 3225 AM · 536 BCE (trad.) — OIM A2793 Chicago Prism 3225 AM · 536 BCE (trad.) Menashe in the Assyrian Records — 3253–3283 AM · 508–478 BCE (trad.) — Rassam Cylinder (Manasseh) Menashe in the Assyrian Records 3253–3283 AM · 508–478 BCE (trad.) Ketef Hinnom Silver Amulets — 3290–3338 AM · 471–423 BCE (trad.) — KH1 and KH2 Ketef Hinnom Silver Amulets 3290–3338 AM · 471–423 BCE (trad.) KH1 and KH2 Gemaryahu ben Shafan Bulla — 3316–3338 AM · 445–423 BCE (trad.) — Gemariah son of Shaphan bulla Gemaryahu ben Shafan Bulla 3316–3338 AM · 445–423 BCE (trad.) Ishtar Gate — 3319–3362 AM · 442–399 BCE (trad.) — Processional Way of Babylon Ishtar Gate 3319–3362 AM · 442–399 BCE (trad.) Processional Way of Babylon Nebuchadnezzar Bricks — 3319–3362 AM · 442–399 BCE (trad.) — Stamped Bricks of Nebuchadnezzar Nebuchadnezzar Bricks 3319–3362 AM · 442–399 BCE (trad.) Nebo-Sarsekim Tablet — 3329 AM · 432 BCE (trad.) — Nabu-sharrussu-ukin Tablet Nebo-Sarsekim Tablet 3329 AM · 432 BCE (trad.) Babylonian Chronicle ABC 5 — 3330 AM · 431 BCE (trad.) — BM 21946 Babylonian Chronicle ABC 5 3330 AM · 431 BCE (trad.) Jehoiachin Ration Tablets — 3332 AM · 429 BCE (trad.) — Ya'u-kinu Tablets Jehoiachin Ration Tablets 3332 AM · 429 BCE (trad.) Lachish Letters — 3336–3338 AM · 425–423 BCE (trad.) — Lachish ostraca Lachish Letters 3336–3338 AM · 425–423 BCE (trad.) Al-Yahudu Archive — 3352–3447 AM · 409–314 BCE (trad.) — Judahtown tablets Al-Yahudu Archive 3352–3447 AM · 409–314 BCE (trad.) Judahtown tablets Yehud Stamp Impressions — 3386–3591 AM · 375–170 BCE (trad.) — Yehud jar stamps Yehud Stamp Impressions 3386–3591 AM · 375–170 BCE (trad.) Yehud jar stamps Belshazzar in the Nabonidus Records — 3388–3390 AM · 373–371 BCE (trad.) — Nabonidus Chronicle Belshazzar in the Nabonidus Records 3388–3390 AM · 373–371 BCE (trad.) Cyrus Cylinder — 3389–3390 AM · 372–371 BCE (trad.) — Koresh Cylinder Cyrus Cylinder 3389–3390 AM · 372–371 BCE (trad.) Persepolis Archive Tablets — 3415–3467 AM · 346–294 BCE (trad.) — Persepolis Treasury tablets Persepolis Archive Tablets 3415–3467 AM · 346–294 BCE (trad.) Elephantine Ostraca — 3424–3524 AM · 337–237 BCE (trad.) — Aramaic Ostraca of Yeb Elephantine Ostraca 3424–3524 AM · 337–237 BCE (trad.) Mibtahiah Archive — 3453–3514 AM · 308–247 BCE — TAD B2.1-B2.11 Mibtahiah Archive 3453–3514 AM · 308–247 BCE Murashu Archive — 3470–3520 AM · 291–241 BCE — Murašû Archive Murashu Archive 3470–3520 AM · 291–241 BCE Ananiah and Tamut Archive — 3475–3522 AM · 286–239 BCE — Brooklyn Museum Aramaic Papyri Ananiah and Tamut Archive 3475–3522 AM · 286–239 BCE Behistun Papyrus — 3504–3524 AM · 257–237 BCE — TAD C2.1 Behistun Papyrus 3504–3524 AM · 257–237 BCE Passover Papyrus — 3505–3506 AM · 256–255 BCE — TAD A4.1 Passover Papyrus 3505–3506 AM · 256–255 BCE The Dead Sea Scrolls — 3510–3830 AM · 251 BCE – 70 CE — Qumran scrolls The Dead Sea Scrolls 3510–3830 AM · 251 BCE – 70 CE Qumran scrolls Schedia Proseuche Dedication — 3515–3540 AM · 246–221 BCE — JIGRE 22 Schedia Proseuche Dedication 3515–3540 AM · 246–221 BCE Elephantine Temple Petition — 3517 AM · 244 BCE — TAD A4.7-A4.8 Elephantine Temple Petition 3517 AM · 244 BCE Heliodorus Stele — 3583 AM · 178 BCE — Olympiodoros inscription Heliodorus Stele 3583 AM · 178 BCE Rylands Greek Papyrus 458 — 3586–3611 AM · 175–150 BCE — Rahlfs 957 Rylands Greek Papyrus 458 3586–3611 AM · 175–150 BCE Nash Papyrus — 3611–3661 AM · 150–100 BCE — Cambridge MS Or.233 Nash Papyrus 3611–3661 AM · 150–100 BCE Tomb of Benei Hezir — 3611–3810 AM · 150 BCE – 50 CE — Kidron Valley priestly tomb Tomb of Benei Hezir 3611–3810 AM · 150 BCE – 50 CE Papyrus Fouad 266 — 3661–3760 AM · 100–1 BCE — Rahlfs 847/848/942 Papyrus Fouad 266 3661–3760 AM · 100–1 BCE Jason's Tomb — 3661–3731 AM · 100–30 BCE — Qever Yason Jason's Tomb 3661–3731 AM · 100–30 BCE Uzziah Epitaph Plaque — 3700–3830 AM · 61 BCE – 70 CE — Uzziah Tablet Uzziah Epitaph Plaque 3700–3830 AM · 61 BCE – 70 CE Theodotos Inscription — 3700–3830 AM · 61 BCE – 70 CE — Theodotus inscription Theodotos Inscription 3700–3830 AM · 61 BCE – 70 CE Yerushalayim Column Inscription — 3700–3760 AM · 61–1 BCE — Hananiah bar Dodalos inscription Yerushalayim Column Inscription 3700–3760 AM · 61–1 BCE Pool of Siloam — 3711–3830 AM · 50 BCE – 70 CE — Breichat HaShiloach Pool of Siloam 3711–3830 AM · 50 BCE – 70 CE Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever — 3711–3810 AM · 50 BCE – 50 CE — 8HevXIIgr Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever 3711–3810 AM · 50 BCE – 50 CE Herod Rebuilds the Temple — 3742 AM · 19 BCE — Herodian Temple Herod Rebuilds the Temple 3742 AM · 19 BCE Temple Warning Inscription — 3742–3830 AM · 19 BCE – 70 CE — Soreg inscription Temple Warning Inscription 3742–3830 AM · 19 BCE – 70 CE Trumpeting Place Inscription — 3742–3830 AM · 19 BCE – 70 CE — LeBeit HaTekiah inscription Trumpeting Place Inscription 3742–3830 AM · 19 BCE – 70 CE Magdala Stone — 3760–3828 AM · 1 BCE – 68 CE — Migdal stone Magdala Stone 3760–3828 AM · 1 BCE – 68 CE Yehohanan Crucifixion Heel Bone — 3760–3830 AM · 1 BCE – 70 CE — Jehohanan ossuary Yehohanan Crucifixion Heel Bone 3760–3830 AM · 1 BCE – 70 CE Nicanor Ossuary — 3760–3830 AM · 1 BCE – 70 CE — Ossuary of Nicanor the Alexandrian Nicanor Ossuary 3760–3830 AM · 1 BCE – 70 CE Caiaphas Ossuary — 3778–3820 AM · 18–60 CE — Kayafa ossuary Caiaphas Ossuary 3778–3820 AM · 18–60 CE James Ossuary — 3780–3830 AM · 20–70 CE — Ya'akov bar Yosef ossuary James Ossuary 3780–3830 AM · 20–70 CE Pilate Stone — 3786–3796 AM · 26–36 CE — Tiberieum inscription Pilate Stone 3786–3796 AM · 26–36 CE Pilgrimage Road — 3790–3830 AM · 30–70 CE — Stepped Street Pilgrimage Road 3790–3830 AM · 30–70 CE Burnt House — 3790–3830 AM · 30–70 CE — Katros House Burnt House 3790–3830 AM · 30–70 CE The Great Revolt — 3826–3834 AM · 66–74 CE — First Jewish–Roman War The Great Revolt 3826–3834 AM · 66–74 CE Masada Ostraca — 3826–3834 AM · 66–74 CE — ben Yair ostracon Masada Ostraca 3826–3834 AM · 66–74 CE Judaea Capta Coinage — 3831–3856 AM · 71–96 CE — Iudaea Capta Coins Judaea Capta Coinage 3831–3856 AM · 71–96 CE Arch of Titus Menorah Relief — 3841–3842 AM · 81–82 CE — Sha'ar Titus Arch of Titus Menorah Relief 3841–3842 AM · 81–82 CE Babatha Archive — 3854–3892 AM · 94–132 CE — Babatha's documents Babatha Archive 3854–3892 AM · 94–132 CE Jewish Inscriptions of Rome (JIWE II) — 3860–4160 AM · 100–400 CE — CIJ I Jewish Inscriptions of Rome (JIWE II) 3860–4160 AM · 100–400 CE CIJ I Bar Kokhba Letters — 3892–3895 AM · 132–135 CE — Babatha archive Bar Kokhba Letters 3892–3895 AM · 132–135 CE Bar Kokhba Revolt Coinage — 3892–3895 AM · 132–135 CE — coins of the Second Jewish Revolt Bar Kokhba Revolt Coinage 3892–3895 AM · 132–135 CE Mindius Faustus Inscription — 3910–4010 AM · 150–250 CE — JIWE I 13 Mindius Faustus Inscription 3910–4010 AM · 150–250 CE Stobi Synagogue Inscription of Polycharmos — 3910–4060 AM · 150–300 CE — CIJ 694 Stobi Synagogue Inscription of Polycharmos 3910–4060 AM · 150–300 CE Aphrodisias God-Fearers Stele — 3960–4260 AM · 200–500 CE — theosebeis inscription Aphrodisias God-Fearers Stele 3960–4260 AM · 200–500 CE theosebeis inscription Ein Gedi Scroll — 3970–4150 AM · 210–390 CE — En-Gedi Scroll Ein Gedi Scroll 3970–4150 AM · 210–390 CE Dura-Europos Synagogue — 4004–4016 AM · 244–256 CE — Dura synagogue frescoes Dura-Europos Synagogue 4004–4016 AM · 244–256 CE Rehob Halakhic Mosaic — 4010–4410 AM · 250–650 CE — Rehov inscription Rehob Halakhic Mosaic 4010–4410 AM · 250–650 CE Rehov inscription Caesarea Priestly Courses Inscription — 4010–4160 AM · 250–400 CE — Caesarea mishmarot inscription Caesarea Priestly Courses Inscription 4010–4160 AM · 250–400 CE Hammam Lif Synagogue Mosaics — 4060–4260 AM · 300–500 CE — sancta sinagoga Naronitana Hammam Lif Synagogue Mosaics 4060–4260 AM · 300–500 CE Zoar Tombstones — 4060–4260 AM · 300–500 CE — Ghor es-Safi tombstones Zoar Tombstones 4060–4260 AM · 300–500 CE Huqoq Synagogue Mosaics — 4160–4210 AM · 400–450 CE — Huqoq mosaics Huqoq Synagogue Mosaics 4160–4210 AM · 400–450 CE Beth Shean House of Leontis Mosaic — 4210–4310 AM · 450–550 CE — Leontis Kloubas mosaic Beth Shean House of Leontis Mosaic 4210–4310 AM · 450–550 CE Events מאורעות Events — the moments of the story Passing of Moshe — 2488 AM · 1273 BCE (trad.) Passing of Moshe 2488 AM · 1273 BCE (trad.) Destruction of Shilo — 2871 AM · 890 BCE (trad.) Destruction of Shilo 2871 AM · 890 BCE (trad.) Monarchy Begins — 2882 AM · 879 BCE (trad.) Monarchy Begins 2882 AM · 879 BCE (trad.) Siege of Lachish — 3213 AM · 548 BCE (trad.) Siege of Lachish 3213 AM · 548 BCE (trad.) Sancheriv's Defeat at Yerushalayim — 3213 AM · 548 BCE (trad.) Sancheriv's Defeat at Yerushalayim 3213 AM · 548 BCE (trad.) Galut Yechonyah — 3327 AM · 434 BCE (trad.) Galut Yechonyah 3327 AM · 434 BCE (trad.) Purim — 3405 AM · 356 BCE (trad.) Purim 3405 AM · 356 BCE (trad.) Outbreak of the Great Revolt — 3826 AM · 66 CE Outbreak of the Great Revolt 3826 AM · 66 CE Fall of Yodfat — 3827 AM · 67 CE Fall of Yodfat 3827 AM · 67 CE Fall of Masada — 3834 AM · 74 CE Fall of Masada 3834 AM · 74 CE Cessation of classical semicha — 4153 AM · 393 CE Cessation of classical semicha 4153 AM · 393 CE Aleppo Codex — 4685 AM · 925 CE Aleppo Codex 4685 AM · 925 CE The Tzfat semicha revival controversy — 5302 AM · 1542 CE The Tzfat semicha revival controversy 5302 AM · 1542 CE semicha: presumed by tradition reception generation 1 of 40 — Moshe to Rav Ashi (Rambam, introduction to Mishneh Torah)1 Moshe 2368–2488 AM 1393–1273 BCE (trad.) semicha: attested ordination reception generation 2 of 40 — Moshe to Rav Ashi (Rambam, introduction to Mishneh Torah)2 Yehoshua 2406–2516 AM 1355–1245 BCE (trad.) sole carrier of the mesorah semicha: presumed by tradition reception generation 3 of 40 — Moshe to Rav Ashi (Rambam, introduction to Mishneh Torah)3 Pinchas 2430–2580 AM 1331–1181 BCE (trad.) semicha: presumed by tradition reception generation 7 of 40 — Moshe to Rav Ashi (Rambam, introduction to Mishneh Torah)7 Achiyah HaShiloni 2440–2985 AM 1321–776 BCE (trad.) Zekenim (the Elders) 2488–2830 AM 1273–931 BCE (trad.) Otniel ben Kenaz 2500–2580 AM 1261–1181 BCE (trad.) Mishkan Shilo 2503–2871 AM 1258–890 BCE (trad.) Ehud ben Gera 2550–2680 AM 1211–1081 BCE (trad.) Devorah 2654–2694 AM 1107–1067 BCE (trad.) Gideon 2700–2780 AM 1061–981 BCE (trad.) semicha: presumed by tradition reception generation 4 of 40 — Moshe to Rav Ashi (Rambam, introduction to Mishneh Torah)4 Eli 2772–2870 AM 989–891 BCE (trad.) Yiftach 2810–2830 AM 951–931 BCE (trad.) Nevi'im (the Prophets) 2830–3448 AM 931–313 BCE (trad.) semicha: presumed by tradition reception generation 5 of 40 — Moshe to Rav Ashi (Rambam, introduction to Mishneh Torah)5 Shmuel 2830–2882 AM 931–879 BCE (trad.) Shimshon 2830–2860 AM 931–901 BCE (trad.) ♛royal office holder semicha: presumed by tradition reception generation 6 of 40 — Moshe to Rav Ashi (Rambam, introduction to Mishneh Torah)6 David 2854–2924 AM 907–837 BCE (trad.) Gad HaChozeh 2880–2924 AM 881–837 BCE (trad.) Natan HaNavi 2884–2924 AM 877–837 BCE (trad.) semicha: presumed by tradition reception generation 10 of 40 — Moshe to Rav Ashi (Rambam, introduction to Mishneh Torah)10 Yehoyada 2975–3105 AM 786–656 BCE (trad.) Ovadiah 3000–3338 AM 761–423 BCE (trad.) semicha: presumed by tradition reception generation 8 of 40 — Moshe to Rav Ashi (Rambam, introduction to Mishneh Torah)8 Eliyahu 3005–3050 AM 756–711 BCE (trad.) Izevel 3008–3062 AM 753–699 BCE (trad.) semicha: presumed by tradition reception generation 9 of 40 — Moshe to Rav Ashi (Rambam, introduction to Mishneh Torah)9 Elisha 3020–3110 AM 741–651 BCE (trad.) semicha: presumed by tradition reception generation 11 of 40 — Moshe to Rav Ashi (Rambam, introduction to Mishneh Torah)11 Zechariah ben Yehoyada 3020–3110 AM 741–651 BCE (trad.) Yonah ben Amitai 3100–3160 AM 661–601 BCE (trad.) semicha: presumed by tradition reception generation 12 of 40 — Moshe to Rav Ashi (Rambam, introduction to Mishneh Torah)12 Hoshea 3110–3200 AM 651–561 BCE (trad.) semicha: presumed by tradition reception generation 13 of 40 — Moshe to Rav Ashi (Rambam, introduction to Mishneh Torah)13 Amos 3110–3170 AM 651–591 BCE (trad.) semicha: presumed by tradition reception generation 14 of 40 — Moshe to Rav Ashi (Rambam, introduction to Mishneh Torah)14 Yeshayahu 3140–3230 AM 621–531 BCE (trad.) semicha: presumed by tradition reception generation 15 of 40 — Moshe to Rav Ashi (Rambam, introduction to Mishneh Torah)15 Michah 3150–3210 AM 611–551 BCE (trad.) ♛royal office holder Chizkiyahu 3199–3228 AM 562–533 BCE (trad.) semicha: presumed by tradition reception generation 16 of 40 — Moshe to Rav Ashi (Rambam, introduction to Mishneh Torah)16 Yoel 3230–3280 AM 531–481 BCE (trad.) semicha: presumed by tradition reception generation 17 of 40 — Moshe to Rav Ashi (Rambam, introduction to Mishneh Torah)17 Nachum 3230–3290 AM 531–471 BCE (trad.) semicha: presumed by tradition reception generation 18 of 40 — Moshe to Rav Ashi (Rambam, introduction to Mishneh Torah)18 Chavakuk 3240–3300 AM 521–461 BCE (trad.) semicha: presumed by tradition reception generation 20 of 40 — Moshe to Rav Ashi (Rambam, introduction to Mishneh Torah)20 Yirmiyahu 3270–3350 AM 491–411 BCE (trad.) semicha: presumed by tradition reception generation 19 of 40 — Moshe to Rav Ashi (Rambam, introduction to Mishneh Torah)19 Tzefaniah 3280–3316 AM 481–445 BCE (trad.) semicha: presumed by tradition reception generation 21 of 40 — Moshe to Rav Ashi (Rambam, introduction to Mishneh Torah)21 Baruch ben Neriah 3290–3390 AM 471–371 BCE (trad.) Chuldah HaNeviah 3300–3310 AM 461–451 BCE (trad.) semicha: presumed by tradition Mordechai 3310–3430 AM 451–331 BCE (trad.) Chananiah, Mishael & Azariah 3320–3340 AM 441–421 BCE (trad.) semicha: presumed by tradition Daniel 3320–3390 AM 441–371 BCE (trad.) Yechezkel 3327–3355 AM 434–406 BCE (trad.) semicha: presumed by tradition Zerubavel 3350–3420 AM 411–341 BCE (trad.) semicha: presumed by tradition reception generation 22 of 40 — Moshe to Rav Ashi (Rambam, introduction to Mishneh Torah)22 Ezra 3380–3448 AM 381–313 BCE (trad.) semicha: presumed by tradition Chaggai 3390–3448 AM 371–313 BCE (trad.) semicha: presumed by tradition Zechariah (the prophet) 3390–3448 AM 371–313 BCE (trad.) semicha: presumed by tradition Malachi 3390–3448 AM 371–313 BCE (trad.) semicha: presumed by tradition Nechemiah 3400–3460 AM 361–301 BCE (trad.) Anshei Knesset HaGedolah 3408–3490 AM 353–271 BCE (trad.) semicha: presumed by tradition reception generation 23 of 40 — Moshe to Rav Ashi (Rambam, introduction to Mishneh Torah)23 Shimon HaTzaddik 3420–3500 AM 341–261 BCE (trad.) sole carrier of the mesorah semicha: presumed by tradition reception generation 24 of 40 — Moshe to Rav Ashi (Rambam, introduction to Mishneh Torah)24 Antigonus Ish Sokho 3460–3560 AM 301–201 BCE sole carrier of the mesorah semicha: presumed by tradition reception generation 25 of 40 — Moshe to Rav Ashi (Rambam, introduction to Mishneh Torah)25 Yose ben Yoezer 3500–3590 AM 261–171 BCE semicha: presumed by tradition Yose ben Yochanan 3500–3590 AM 261–171 BCE semicha: presumed by tradition reception generation 26 of 40 — Moshe to Rav Ashi (Rambam, introduction to Mishneh Torah)26 Yehoshua ben Perachiah 3560–3650 AM 201–111 BCE semicha: presumed by tradition Nittai HaArbeli 3560–3650 AM 201–111 BCE semicha: presumed by tradition reception generation 27 of 40 — Moshe to Rav Ashi (Rambam, introduction to Mishneh Torah)27 Yehudah ben Tabbai 3620–3710 AM 141–51 BCE semicha: presumed by tradition Shimon ben Shatach 3620–3710 AM 141–51 BCE semicha: presumed by tradition reception generation 28 of 40 — Moshe to Rav Ashi (Rambam, introduction to Mishneh Torah)28 Shemaiah 3660–3740 AM 101–21 BCE semicha: presumed by tradition Avtalyon 3660–3740 AM 101–21 BCE semicha: presumed by tradition reception generation 29 of 40 — Moshe to Rav Ashi (Rambam, introduction to Mishneh Torah)29 Hillel 3688–3768 AM 73 BCE – 8 CE semicha: presumed by tradition Shammai 3690–3770 AM 71 BCE – 10 CE Choni HaMe'agel 3690–3720 AM 71–41 BCE Bnei Beteira 3720–3770 AM 41 BCE – 10 CE semicha: presumed by tradition Yonatan ben Uzziel 3720–3768 AM 41 BCE – 8 CE Rabbi Dosa ben Harkinas 3750–3860 AM 11 BCE – 100 CE semicha: presumed by tradition reception generation 30 of 40 — Moshe to Rav Ashi (Rambam, introduction to Mishneh Torah)30 Rabban Yochanan ben Zakkai 3761–3834 AM 1–74 CE most later Torah flows through him Nachum Ish Gam Zu 3770–3860 AM 10–100 CE semicha: presumed by tradition Rabban Gamliel HaZaken 3770–3812 AM 10–52 CE semicha: presumed by tradition Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel I 3770–3830 AM 10–70 CE Rachel 3780–3895 AM 20–135 CE Rabbi Chanina ben Dosa 3780–3850 AM 20–90 CE Rabbi Nechunya ben HaKanah 3790–3870 AM 30–110 CE Shmuel HaKatan 3790–3870 AM 30–110 CE Rabbi Elazar ben Arach 3800–3860 AM 40–100 CE Rabbi Yose HaKohen 3800–3870 AM 40–110 CE Rabbi Shimon ben Netanel 3800–3870 AM 40–110 CE reception generation 31 of 40 — Moshe to Rav Ashi (Rambam, introduction to Mishneh Torah)31 Rabbi Eliezer ben Hyrcanus 3805–3877 AM 45–117 CE Rabbi Yehoshua ben Chananiah 3810–3891 AM 50–131 CE semicha: attested ordination reception generation 32 of 40 — Moshe to Rav Ashi (Rambam, introduction to Mishneh Torah)32 Rabbi Akiva 3810–3895 AM 50–135 CE semicha: presumed by tradition Rabban Gamliel of Yavneh 3810–3878 AM 50–118 CE Rabbi Tarfon 3810–3880 AM 50–120 CE semicha: attested ordination Rabbi Yehudah ben Bava 3820–3895 AM 60–135 CE Onkelos 3820–3890 AM 60–130 CE Rabbi Yishmael 3820–3895 AM 60–135 CE Academy of Yavneh 3830–3892 AM 70–132 CE Ben Azzai 3830–3895 AM 70–135 CE Ben Zoma 3830–3895 AM 70–135 CE semicha: presumed by tradition Rabbi Elazar ben Azariah 3830–3895 AM 70–135 CE Rabbi Yose HaGlili 3830–3900 AM 70–140 CE Rabbi Chanina ben Teradyon 3830–3895 AM 70–135 CE Elisha ben Avuyah 3830–3900 AM 70–140 CE semicha: attested ordination Rabbi Yehudah bar Ilai 3855–3940 AM 95–180 CE Beruriah 3860–3920 AM 100–160 CE Rabbi Yehoshua ben Korcha 3860–3970 AM 100–210 CE semicha: attested ordination Rabbi Yose ben Chalafta 3860–3940 AM 100–180 CE semicha: attested ordination Rabbi Elazar ben Shammua 3860–3945 AM 100–185 CE semicha: attested ordination Rabbi Nechemiah 3860–3930 AM 100–170 CE semicha: presumed by tradition Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel II 3860–3925 AM 100–165 CE semicha: attested ordination Rabbi Meir 3870–3925 AM 110–165 CE semicha: attested ordination reception generation 33 of 40 — Moshe to Rav Ashi (Rambam, introduction to Mishneh Torah)33 Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai 3870–3930 AM 110–170 CE Rabbi Pinchas ben Yair 3880–3970 AM 120–210 CE semicha: presumed by tradition Rabbi Natan 3880–3950 AM 120–190 CE Rabbi Elazar ben Shimon 3885–3945 AM 125–185 CE Academy of Usha 3895–3930 AM 135–170 CE semicha: presumed by tradition reception generation 34 of 40 — Moshe to Rav Ashi (Rambam, introduction to Mishneh Torah)34 Rabbi Yehudah HaNasi 3895–3977 AM 135–217 CE sole carrier of the mesorah Rabbi Yishmael beRabbi Yose 3895–3970 AM 135–210 CE Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar 3900–3970 AM 140–210 CE Rabbi Yose beRabbi Yehudah 3900–3970 AM 140–210 CE Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar 3905–3970 AM 145–210 CE Shmuel 3925–4014 AM 165–254 CE Sanhedrin at Beit Shearim 3930–3965 AM 170–205 CE Levi ben Sisi 3930–3990 AM 170–230 CE Rabbi Chiya 3935–3990 AM 175–230 CE reception generation 35 of 40 — Moshe to Rav Ashi (Rambam, introduction to Mishneh Torah)35 Rav 3935–4007 AM 175–247 CE Bar Kappara 3940–4000 AM 180–240 CE semicha: presumed by tradition Rabban Gamliel III 3940–4000 AM 180–240 CE semicha: presumed by tradition Rabbi Yochanan 3940–4039 AM 180–279 CE Rav Asi 3945–4010 AM 185–250 CE Reish Lakish 3960–4035 AM 200–275 CE Sanhedrin at Tzippori 3965–3995 AM 205–235 CE Rav Chiya bar Ashi 3975–4050 AM 215–290 CE Rav Chama bar Guria 3975–4050 AM 215–290 CE Rav Chananel 3975–4050 AM 215–290 CE Rav Yirmiyah bar Abba 3975–4050 AM 215–290 CE Rav Yehudah bar Shmuel bar Shilat 3975–4050 AM 215–290 CE Rav Chanan bar Rava 3975–4050 AM 215–290 CE reception generation 36 of 40 — Moshe to Rav Ashi (Rambam, introduction to Mishneh Torah)36 Rav Huna 3976–4057 AM 216–297 CE semicha: presumed by tradition Rabbi Elazar ben Pedat 3980–4039 AM 220–279 CE Rav Yehudah 3980–4059 AM 220–299 CE sole carrier of the mesorah Rav Giddel 3985–4060 AM 225–300 CE Rabbah bar Avuha 3985–4060 AM 225–300 CE Rabbi Shmuel bar Nachmani 3985–4070 AM 225–310 CE Rav Zutra bar Tuvia 3985–4060 AM 225–300 CE Rabbi Abba bar Zavda 3985–4060 AM 225–300 CE Rav Mattanah 3985–4060 AM 225–300 CE Rav Anan 3985–4060 AM 225–300 CE Rav Nachman 3995–4080 AM 235–320 CE Rabbah bar bar Chana 3995–4070 AM 235–310 CE Rav Amram 3995–4070 AM 235–310 CE Rabbi Chiya bar Abba 4005–4080 AM 245–320 CE Rabbi Asi 4005–4080 AM 245–320 CE Rabbi Abbahu 4005–4069 AM 245–309 CE Rabbi Yitzchak (Nappacha) 4005–4080 AM 245–320 CE Rabbi Ami 4005–4080 AM 245–320 CE Rabbah bar Rav Huna 4005–4080 AM 245–320 CE Rabbi Il'a 4005–4080 AM 245–320 CE Rav Chiya bar Avin 4005–4080 AM 245–320 CE Rabbi Zeira 4015–4090 AM 255–330 CE Ulla 4015–4090 AM 255–330 CE Rabbi Abba 4015–4090 AM 255–330 CE Rav Sheshet 4015–4090 AM 255–330 CE Rav Dimi 4025–4100 AM 265–340 CE Rabbi Yaakov (amora) 4025–4100 AM 265–340 CE Rav Yitzchak bar Yosef 4025–4100 AM 265–340 CE reception generation 37 of 40 — Moshe to Rav Ashi (Rambam, introduction to Mishneh Torah)37 Rabbah 4030–4081 AM 270–321 CE Rav Yosef 4030–4083 AM 270–323 CE Ravin 4035–4110 AM 275–350 CE Rav Yosef bar Minyumi 4035–4110 AM 275–350 CE Rabbi Yirmiyah 4035–4110 AM 275–350 CE Abaye 4038–4098 AM 278–338 CE reception generation 38 of 40 — Moshe to Rav Ashi (Rambam, introduction to Mishneh Torah)38 Rava 4040–4112 AM 280–352 CE Rav Papa 4060–4135 AM 300–375 CE Rav Papi 4065–4135 AM 305–375 CE Rav Zevid 4085–4145 AM 325–385 CE reception generation 39 of 40 — Moshe to Rav Ashi (Rambam, introduction to Mishneh Torah)39 Rav Kahana (of Pum Nahara) 4100–4174 AM 340–414 CE Ravina I 4110–4182 AM 350–422 CE reception generation 40 of 40 — Moshe to Rav Ashi (Rambam, introduction to Mishneh Torah)40 Rav Ashi 4112–4187 AM 352–427 CE Ravina II 4180–4260 AM 420–500 CE Rabana Sama bar Yehudah 4204–4264 AM 444–504 CE Rav Achai bar Huna 4206–4266 AM 446–506 CE Rav Richumai II 4206–4266 AM 446–506 CE Rav Shmuel bar Yehudah of Pumbedita 4206–4266 AM 446–506 CE Ravina of Amutzia 4206–4266 AM 446–506 CE Rav Acha bar Rabbah bar Avuha 4211–4271 AM 451–511 CE Rav Tachna 4215–4275 AM 455–515 CE Mar Zutra bar Chinena 4215–4275 AM 455–515 CE Yehudai Gaon 4460–4521 AM 700–761 CE Rav Acha of Shabcha 4500–4520 AM 740–760 CE Shimon Kayyara 4500–4610 AM 740–850 CE Rav Yosef bar Abba 4524–4576 AM 764–816 CE Amram Gaon 4570–4635 AM 810–875 CE Saadia Gaon 4642–4702 AM 882–942 CE Moshe ben Kalonymus 4660–4720 AM 900–960 CE Sherira Gaon 4666–4766 AM 906–1006 CE sole carrier of the mesorah Moshe ben Chanoch 4670–4725 AM 910–965 CE Yehudah ben Meir HaKohen 4690–4760 AM 930–1000 CE Hai Gaon 4699–4798 AM 939–1038 CE Yaakov ben Nissim ibn Shahin 4700–4766 AM 940–1006 CE Chushiel ben Elchanan 4710–4775 AM 950–1015 CE Shemariah ben Elchanan 4710–4771 AM 950–1011 CE Rabbeinu Gershom 4720–4788 AM 960–1028 CE Rabbeinu Chananel 4750–4813 AM 990–1053 CE Rabbeinu Nissim ben Yaakov 4750–4817 AM 990–1057 CE Yaakov ben Yakar 4750–4824 AM 990–1064 CE Yitzchak HaLevi (of Worms) 4760–4838 AM 1000–1078 CE The Rif 4773–4863 AM 1013–1103 CE sole carrier of the mesorah Rashi 4800–4865 AM 1040–1105 CE Yosef ibn Migash 4837–4901 AM 1077–1141 CE sole carrier of the mesorah Rashbam 4845–4918 AM 1085–1158 CE Rabbeinu Tam 4860–4931 AM 1100–1171 CE Rabbi Maimon (the Dayan) 4870–4925 AM 1110–1165 CE sole carrier of the mesorah The Ri (HaZaken) 4875–4944 AM 1115–1184 CE Zerachiah HaLevi 4875–4946 AM 1115–1186 CE The Raavad 4885–4958 AM 1125–1198 CE Rambam 4898–4965 AM 1138–1205 CE Yaakov ben Netanel 4900–4950 AM 1140–1190 CE Ramban 4954–5030 AM 1194–1270 CE Maharam of Rothenburg 4975–5053 AM 1215–1293 CE Rashba 4995–5070 AM 1235–1310 CE The Rosh 5010–5088 AM 1250–1328 CE Yaakov ben Asher (the Tur) 5029–5103 AM 1269–1343 CE The Ran 5080–5136 AM 1320–1376 CE semicha: the 1538 Tzfat revival✦ Yaakov Berab 5234–5306 AM 1474–1546 CE semicha: the 1538 Tzfat revival✦ Yosef Karo 5248–5335 AM 1488–1575 CE The Maharal 5272–5369 AM 1512–1609 CE The Rema 5290–5332 AM 1530–1572 CE The Arizal 5294–5332 AM 1534–1572 CE Shalom Shabazi 5379–5480 AM 1619–1720 CE The Baal Shem Tov 5458–5520 AM 1698–1760 CE The Maggid of Mezritch 5464–5533 AM 1704–1773 CE The Vilna Gaon 5480–5558 AM 1720–1798 CE Shneur Zalman of Liadi 5505–5573 AM 1745–1813 CE Chaim of Volozhin 5509–5581 AM 1749–1821 CE Torah תורה 2448–2488 AM 1313–1273 BCE (trad.) Sefer Iyov ספר איוב 2448–2488 AM 1313–1273 BCE (trad.) Sefer Yehoshua ספר יהושע 2488–2516 AM 1273–1245 BCE (trad.) Sefer Shoftim ספר שופטים 2830–2882 AM 931–879 BCE (trad.) Sefer Shmuel ספר שמואל 2830–2924 AM 931–837 BCE (trad.) Megillat Ruth מגילת רות 2830–2882 AM 931–879 BCE (trad.) Sefer Tehillim ספר תהלים 2854–2924 AM 907–837 BCE (trad.) Sefer Yeshayahu ספר ישעיהו 3199–3260 AM 562–501 BCE (trad.) Sefer Mishlei ספר משלי 3199–3228 AM 562–533 BCE (trad.) Shir HaShirim שיר השירים 3199–3228 AM 562–533 BCE (trad.) Kohelet קהלת 3199–3228 AM 562–533 BCE (trad.) Sefer Yirmiyahu ספר ירמיהו 3316–3350 AM 445–411 BCE (trad.) Sefer Melachim ספר מלכים 3338–3350 AM 423–411 BCE (trad.) Megillat Eichah מגילת איכה 3338–3350 AM 423–411 BCE (trad.) Nevi'im uKhetuvim נביאים וכתובים 3400–3450 AM 361–311 BCE (trad.) Sefer Yechezkel ספר יחזקאל 3408–3450 AM 353–311 BCE (trad.) Trei Asar תרי עשר 3408–3450 AM 353–311 BCE (trad.) Sefer Daniel ספר דניאל 3408–3450 AM 353–311 BCE (trad.) Megillat Esther מגילת אסתר 3408–3450 AM 353–311 BCE (trad.) Ezra-Nechemiah עזרא ונחמיה 3413–3448 AM 348–313 BCE (trad.) Divrei HaYamim דברי הימים 3413–3448 AM 348–313 BCE (trad.) Targum Yonatan ben Uzziel תרגום יונתן בן עוזיאל 3720–3768 AM 41 BCE – 8 CE Megillat Taanit מגילת תענית 3800–3830 AM 40–70 CE Targum Onkelos תרגום אונקלוס 3850–3880 AM 90–120 CE Mishnah משנה 3960–3960 AM 200 CE Tosefta תוספתא 3990–4010 AM 230–250 CE Seder Olam Rabbah סדר עולם רבה 3900–3930 AM 140–170 CE Mekhilta DeRabbi Yishmael מכילתא דרבי ישמעאל 3990–4060 AM 230–300 CE Sifra ספרא 3990–4060 AM 230–300 CE Sifrei ספרי 3990–4060 AM 230–300 CE Talmud Yerushalmi תלמוד ירושלמי 4110–4160 AM 350–400 CE Mekhilta DeRabbi Shimon bar Yochai מכילתא דרבי שמעון בר יוחאי 3990–4110 AM 230–350 CE Sifrei Zuta ספרי זוטא 3990–4110 AM 230–350 CE Talmud Bavli תלמוד בבלי 4135–4260 AM 375–500 CE Avot DeRabbi Natan אבות דרבי נתן 3990–4460 AM 230–700 CE Tanna DeVei Eliyahu תנא דבי אליהו 4000–4060 AM 240–300 CE Midrash Rabbah מדרש רבה 4160–4930 AM 400–1170 CE Midrash Tanchuma מדרש תנחומא 4160–4560 AM 400–800 CE Pesikta DeRav Kahana פסיקתא דרב כהנא 4160–4260 AM 400–500 CE Masechtot Ketanot מסכתות קטנות 4260–4560 AM 500–800 CE Seder Olam Zuta סדר עולם זוטא 4260–4570 AM 500–810 CE Pesikta Rabbati פסיקתא רבתי 4360–4610 AM 600–850 CE Midrash Tehillim מדרש תהלים 4360–4760 AM 600–1000 CE Targum Yerushalmi (Pseudo-Yonatan) תרגום ירושלמי (המיוחס ליונתן) 4380–4560 AM 620–800 CE Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer פרקי דרבי אליעזר 4460–4600 AM 700–840 CE She'iltot DeRav Achai שאילתות דרב אחאי גאון 4500–4520 AM 740–760 CE Halachot Gedolot הלכות גדולות 4500–4610 AM 740–850 CE Halachot Pesukot הלכות פסוקות 4510–4530 AM 750–770 CE Seder Rav Amram Gaon סדר רב עמרם גאון 4621–4635 AM 861–875 CE Seder Tannaim vaAmoraim סדר תנאים ואמוראים 4645–4647 AM 885–887 CE Siddur Rav Saadia Gaon סידור רב סעדיה גאון 4680–4702 AM 920–942 CE Iggeret Rav Sherira Gaon אגרת רב שרירא גאון 4747–4747 AM 987 CE Hilchot HaRif הלכות הרי"ף 4820–4863 AM 1060–1103 CE Rashi on the Torah פירוש רש"י על התורה 4830–4865 AM 1070–1105 CE Mishneh Torah משנה תורה 4928–4938 AM 1168–1178 CE Iggeret Teiman אגרת תימן 4932–4934 AM 1172–1174 CE Zohar זהר 5040–5060 AM 1280–1300 CE Arba'ah Turim ארבעה טורים 5060–5103 AM 1300–1343 CE Shulchan Aruch שלחן ערוך 5323–5330 AM 1563–1570 CE Tanya תניא 5552–5557 AM 1792–1797 CE